The Rapid Growth Of Population Essay - 1550 Words

Introduction: The reason I chose this topic is because in my country Ethiopia the rapid growth of population alarmed me, just around the 1965 our population was very low however in the past few years it has tripled form 20 million to over 100 million. This was when my interest in my countries population developed. Population is one of the conversational topics when talking about a countries profile, in view of the fact that it plays a huge role, in a countries work force, consumption and economy. I will be collecting data and modelling them to predict the population for the next 5 to 10 years. I will also be doing this for Kenya to see the relationship between the two countries to prove that this rapid growth of population is happening not only in our country but in our neighboring countries too. The data collected is imprecise because it is affected by many variables. The mortality rate of the people in Ethiopia can affect my data highly. During this time Ethiopia had a high rate of migration, this could also be included as one of the variables that have affected my data. I will be using this set of data to draw a graph so that I can generate a model to represent this data so that I can use it to predict the population after five years. Year Population (in millions) 1 2015 99.3 2 2010 87.5 3 2005 76.6 4 2000 66.4 5 1995 57.2 6 1990 48.0 7 1985 40.8 8 1980 35.2 9 1975 32.6 These are my test values that I will use to test my every models accuracy. year PopulationShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Rapid Population Growth1605 Words   |  7 Pagestime until 1804 to reach a world population of one billion people. Population statistics show that there were 1.6 billion people in 1900 and this figure reached 6 billion before the end of the 20th century. Over the past several decades, the world s population has been growing exponentially. According to the population statistics, this figure is going to ascend to more than 9 billion people by the end of 2050. Recent studies shows that the growth rate of population has somewhat steadied from the priorRead MoreWith The Rapid Growth Of World Population, The Limited1114 Words   |  5 PagesWith the rapid growth of world population, the limited supply of the non-renewable energy demand is increasing, especially in the developing countries. This situation causes the risk of depletion of cheap fossil energy sources, as well as environmental pollution and climate change. Therefore, the researchers w orldwide have been tried continually to find solutions for the diversification of energy sources, reduce harmful emissions and emissions of greenhouse into the environment, and the renewableRead MoreRapid Population Growth : A Country With The Largest Human Population1378 Words   |  6 Pagesproduced more rapid population growth rates in mid-transition than historically observed in the North. Two factors account for this very rapid expansion of population in these still largely traditional societies: the spread of medical technology such as immunization and antibiotics after World War II, which led to vastly rapid declines in death rates, and a lag in declines in birth rates. Nigeria is a country with the largest human population in Africa. Some of the results of human populations are; depletionRead MoreThe Impact Of Rapid Population Growth On Brazil s Economy1246 Words   |  5 Pages Population Growth in Brazil 1. The impact of impact of rapid population growth on Brazil’s economy. a. Rapid Human Population Growth Population growth is the change in population over a given period of time. Research suggests that the world’s poorest countries have faster population grows. Historically, high fertility rates strongly correlate with poverty. Brazil is estimated to have a population of 203 million people. Brazil’s population is expected to grow to 203 million to 226 millionRead MoreRapid Population Growth as a Problem of Humanresources Utilization in Nigeria2752 Words   |  12 PagesRAPID POPULATION GROWTH IS ONE OF THE PROBLEMS OF HUMAN RESOURCE UTILIZATION IN NIGERIA. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE THIS PROBLEM? A MANPOWER ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Akinrodoye Adunola INTRODUCTION Population can be defined as the number of people living in any defined area at any given time. Hence the population of Nigeria consists of all the people who live in the country at any given time (Dictionary of Economics, 1998; Ojo, 1997). Population however cannot be treated inRead MoreIntroduction With the rapid growth of the American population and the greater demand for work,1600 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction With the rapid growth of the American population and the greater demand for work, large urban areas developed throughout the U.S. landscape. Urbanization, as it is called, is the replacement of the rural areas with more urban ones. Urbanization has impacted human behavior and wildlife as well and most likely won’t be ending anytime soon as humanity continues to push into wildlife habitats. As relative keepers of the environment, humans need to understand the impacts of urbanizationRead MoreFamily Planning Methods And Methods Of The Rapid Population Growth Worldwide1911 Words   |  8 Pagesweapon to control the rapid population growth worldwide? Is population growth the only focus of family planning, or is it concerned with mothers being empowered to space the births of their children, fathers becoming more involved in health and family planning, infants and youth seeing their potential for a healthy life increase? This paper outlines the family planning techniques and me thods in Nigeria. It throws light on how education is a major set-back for the rural population and, how, using traditionalRead MoreThe Reasons For Growth Of Rapid Population Between Nineteenth And Nineteenth Century Britain2751 Words   |  12 PagesReasons for Growth of Rapid Population between Seventeenth and Nineteenth Century Britain A wide variety of people living in the world have always been exposed at constant change and the evolution in population has always been a concern and issue by regimes and countries through out time, especially if it occurred within such short period of time. British economy and Europe underwent their greatest population transformation between the late 17th and the late 19th century. Especially, the growth of theRead MoreNegative Effect of Overpopulation.1365 Words   |  6 PagesTHE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF POPULATION GROWTH Some observers attribute nearly all of the world s maladies to excessive population growth. They claim that rapid population growth has at least three adverse effects on human well-being. First, it increases poverty--the number of people that are impoverished, the proportion of the community that is impoverished, and the severity of the impoverishment. Second, it increases environmental degradation--the misuse of natural resources--with adverse consequencesRead MoreEssay The Implications of Rapid Urbanization1685 Words   |  7 PagesUrbanization is the process of human migration from rural areas to towns and cities, thus rapid urbanization means that the rate at which the migration from rural to urban takes place is hurried that a country has no time to plan for their existence at the cities. The situation differs from country to country as the number of cities and rural areas in the countries are different. Another possible reason for the difference is the development nature of th e countries; some countries are developed, others

Four Organizational Culture Types - 2686 Words

Four Organizational Culture Types Bruce M. Tharp ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE WHITE PAPER 04.09 ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE WHITE PAPER Four Organizational Culture Types Acknowledging that organizational culture is an important aspect for space planners, this paper provides an overview of four organizational culture types: Control (hierarchy), Compete (market), Collaborate (clan), and Create (adhocracy). This typology reflects the range of organizational characteristics across two dimensions that were found critical to organizational effectiveness. The spatial implications for each type are presented so that workspace planners might be able to interpret the results of an organizational culture assessment in their process of designing†¦show more content†¦These companies are similar to the Control (hierarchy) in that they value stability and control; however, instead of an inward focus they have an external orientation and they value differentiation over integration. This began largely because of the competitive challenges from overseas that forced American companies to search for a more effective business approach. With their outward focus, Compete (market) organizations are focused on relationships—more specifically, transactions—with suppliers, customers, contractors, unions, legislators, consultants, regulators, etc. Through effective external relations they feel that they can best achieve success. While Control (hierarchy) optimize stability and control through rules, standard operating procedures, and specialized job functions, Compete (market) organizations are concerned with competitiveness and productivity through emphasis on partnerships and positioning. General Electric, under the leadership of former CEO Jack Welch, is a goodShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Organizational Culture?1204 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is organizational culture? â€Å"organizational culture refers to the beliefs and values that have existed in an organization for a long time, and to the beliefs of the staff and the foreseen value of their work that will influence their attitudes and behaviors† (Tsai, 2011, â€Å"Abstract,† para. 1). Yafang Tsai (2011) defines it as â€Å"the belief that can guide staff in knowing what to do and what not to do, including practices, values, and assumptions about their work (para. 6). It can even be definedRead MoreOrganizational Culture Is The Most Important Variable That Influences The Organizational Performance1601 Words   |  7 Pagescaptivating organizational culture. Organizational culture creates a unique identity that diversifies an organization from its opposition. Ogbonna Lloyd (p, 32, 2002) defines organizational culture as â€Å"the collective sum of beliefs, values, meanings and assumptions that are shared by a social group and that help to shape the ways in which they respond to each other and to their external environment†. Organizational Culture is the most important variable that influences the organizational performanceRead MoreAn Introduction to the Competing Values Framework1091 Words   |  5 Pagesthe organization’s culture, its strategic competencies, financial strategies, pressing problems, and desired outcomes. All of these factors are measured by instruments based on the Competing Values Framework, thus providing an integrated and consistent For example, tools and techniques such as teamwork, collaboration, talent management, empowerment, or inter-personal relationships could be highlighted in the upper left quadrant. M FLEXIBLE Together these dimensions form four quadrants, each representingRead MoreThe Impact Of Cultural Dimensions On Nation s Growth Of Service Innovation Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesinnovation is not similar across different service sectors. 2.5 Country’s Service Growth and Hofstede’s Organizational Models Hofstede (1991) developed several types of organizational models based on his national cultural dimensions. Of the five cultural dimensions he developed, the combination of PD and UA is considered the most important in studying organizations in various national cultures. Organizational structures are decided by who has the power to take decisions (dependent on PD dimension) and whatRead MoreORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE1123 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Culture consists of beliefs and behavior. It is cultivated behavior in the sense that it is learnt from the other members of the society. According to Henry Mintzberg, an internationally renowned author on Business and Management, â€Å"culture is the soul of the organization – the beliefs and values, and how they are manifested. I think of the structure as the skeleton, and as the flesh and blood. And culture is the soul that holds the thing together and gives it life forceRead MoreGeneral Strategic And Cultural Change At Chrysler Group1582 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with Chrysler s culture. Explain Student Answer: According to the text, there are three layers of organizational culture: observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions (Kreitner Kinicki, 2013, p.63). Observable artifacts are the physical manifestation of an organization’s culture (p.63). Chrysler’s primary observable artifact was manager Fong making sales by doubling rebates (p. 86). Chrysler doubled rebates as part of their company’s culture. Chrysler was not profitingRead MoreEssay on Organizational Behavior1386 Words   |  6 Pages Organizational Behavior Terminology and Concepts April 2, 2005 Organizational behavior encompasses a wide range of topics, such as human behavior, change, leadership, and teams. Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. It interprets people-organization relationships in terms of the whole person, group, organization, and social system. Its purpose is to build better relationshipsRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Its Functions863 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION Organizational culture involves systems of beliefs and values that guide the behavior of individuals within the organization and how they shape behavior (Kummerow, 2013). Organizational structures, on the other hand, dictate the assignment, coordination and control of roles and responsibilities to achieve organizational goals (Pathak 2011). For a company to perform effectively it needs to grow, organizational development is one element of growth that focuses on practice an research focusedRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Leadership Development1275 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing with individuals who are divergent to them. Similarly, as organizations progressively generate business associations with organizations whose cultures are different, employees may work with others who hold different views of what establishes effective functioning in an organization, and what relationships are existent between organizational factors and workplace effectiveness (Kwantes and Boglarsky, 2007). Knowing the importance of leadership in modern-day organizations, it is not shockingRead MoreCorporate Culture Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe culture within an organization can make or break how productive and how responsive the business operates. Organizational culture is the set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thins about, and reacts to its various environments, (Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R., 2009).With that being said it becomes important to set values that you want everyone to work by. This will help when new employees are added to the team and will also

Christmas, Then And Now Essay Example For Students

Christmas, Then And Now Essay ChristmasAs I slowly awaken from a deep sleep, cool air hits my squinting eyes and I have the feeling that this is not a normal day. I close my eyes again and ponder for less than a spilt second then realize that SANTA CAME LAST NIGHT!!! I throw back the covers, ignoring the cold that would have kept me in bed for hours later on a normal day, and run to the Christmas tree. Without any lights on I quietly examine everything placed under the tree. I notice that Santa had eaten my cookies and drank all my milk. This made me feel as if I had accomplished something more important than world peace; I had fed Santa. All my unwrapped gifts that had appeared only overnight had a special aura surrounding them. Something magical. With a perpetual smile I sit and enjoy the look of the tree and all my new things. I pick up the new stuffed horse first, because horses are my favorite, and rub its soft synthetic brown fur. After I going through all of the good stuff, ignoring the sets of clothes and underwear, I traipse back to Mama and Daddys room to assure them that Santa had come that night and brought me everything that I wanted. When I was seven, I would have never imagined that my view of Christmas would change so much. My everything is for me aspect disappeared and was replaced by a more realistic view of Christmas. Today when I wake up on December 25, I think about if I got everyone what they wanted, and if the all the food will turn out just right, and all the other little things that come with major holidays. I then say a prayer thanking God for giving us his baby boy, and I say happy birthday to Jesus. Christmas itself has not changed, just my outlook on it. As I got older, I see the commercialism behind the holiday. This realization takes away from the special feeling of Christmas. The increased new toy commercials, the plastic santas at Wal-Mart in October, all the little things I got excited over when I was younger now, put a damper on the spirit.It is even a hassle to put up the tree in time. The lists that I now make are not carelessly scribbled out in crayon and addressed to the almighty Santa, b ut consist of the names of people I need to buy for, what I hope they will like, and about how much money they will have spent on them. None of this is nearly as fun as being seven years old on Christmas day and getting nearly everything I could think of to ask for.Words/ Pages : 476 / 24

Understanding Religions without Biases

Introduction When studying religion, it is of paramount importance for the researcher or the professional to adopt a way that is not biased. It is of great importance as well to understand that the study of religion calls for one to lay aside the perceptions they have obtained from the seminary or any other instructional institution for their religion.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Understanding Religions without Biases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bearing in mind that every religion has its own origin and a long history behind it, it is important for people to avoid biasness so as to understand why the icons or inspirational figures of these religions behaved the way they did behave (Eliade 148). The first question that arises at this point is whether it is possible place to study religion without biasness. The academicians need to answer this question because if the answer is negative, then the e fforts will be futile and trying is not even worthy. Another part that needs some more light is the effects of the biasness that characterize the approach of many studies. In this paper, attention will be paid to deliver a conclusive answer to these two points of concern. Academic Study and Theology These two fields are completely different when it comes to understanding religion. The outcomes of these fields to the committed individuals are again completely different. Therefore, it is important to differentiate between the two with the aim of creating a cut line distinction between them (Eliade 152). On the one hand, academic study of religion is a tertiary engagement chief purpose of which is to discover, describe and explain the core values and practices within a particular religion. This calls for the use of multiple methods and an approach that involves many disciplines. On the other hand, has an inward approach to the issue of religion. One of the paramount things dealt with i n theology involves the thought of God. As opposed to the academic study, which adopts and outward approach, theology is internally oriented and discuses ideas within a particular religious group (Stark 428). The crucial thing about theology is the fact that it aims at transmitting religious teaching of the group involved, unlike academic study which does not indulge in such endeavors. Basic Assumptions The academic study of religion like any other empirical study, is founded on assumptions. If the assumptions are void, then the whole study is futile. One of the assumptions that the study focuses on is the fact that neither of the religions under scrutiny is superior compared to another one (Stark 460). The approach must be of the opinion that these religions are different. Furthermore, the study must also acknowledge the fact that, there are core similarities that the religions share.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As academicians go about the study of religion, it is important that they are not oblivious of the importance of respect for other people’s religious heritage. The assumptions are that these groups of people have adopted the right choice for them and the choice has to be respected. It is also important to keep in mind that differences exist between, within, and among religions and that any religion has a great influence on the individual’s perceptions (Freud 213, Stark 460). Academic study of the religion also requires that the learner appreciates the fact that not all people are religious, but even those who are not religious need to be respected for who they are. These guiding principles are very important in determining the outcome of the study through the intelligent application of these principles; one can embark on the study with the hope of an authentic determination. Literary Criticisms One of the most importa nt aspects of religion is the aspect of its literature. Each religion has its own set of beliefs and rituals, whose source of power are principles articulately outlined in a piece of literature that is sacred to that religious group. This implies the importance of these sacred books to the academician (James 68). First, the academic approach must establish the authenticity of the sacred literature. Some questions at this point require answers. The author may need to establish the date of composition, audience and the way they received this literature, how the literature was reproduced, edited and transmitted. This process is important in establishing the credibility of the whole literature. History Every religion has a story of its beginning and the facts about its development. Studying the historical background of the religion is important to the academicians since it helps them establish the facts about a particular religion. This study unveils how the social, economic, and other factors influenced the beginning, development and spread of that particular religion (Miles 678, Pals 314). This enquiry may require the application of different tools, which may involve geography, demographic study and archeological approaches. This brings out concrete facts, which are actual happenings not on prejudiced or distorted perceptions. Sociological Approach In studying religion, it might be of paramount importance to determine the relationship between the society and religion which is what this approach seeks to determine. One must note that the sociological approach does not seek to establish the credibility of religious beliefs but on the contrary seeks to unveil historical backgrounds, practices and the universal role of religion within the sociological setup.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Understanding Religions without Biases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Two major concerns arise a t this point; they are how the society influenced the religion and how the religion has been influencing the society. Finally, what is important is the orientation of its approach. Sociological approach focuses more on the developed societies of the modern time unlike other approaches like anthropology, for example, which focus on â€Å"old† societies. Phenomenology This is another crucial tool in the study of religion. This theory proposes that prior experiences may influence us unconsciously and, therefore, impair free judgment of matters. This approach, thus, advocates for the ability to make deductions without prior beliefs and interpretations. As it turns out, this approach is concerned with description only (Pals 319). The main aim of this approach is, consequently, to define religion in its own terms rather than in terms of another discipline. These are not the only tools that are useful in the academic study of religion. Other important tools include geographical, phi losophical and anthropological. These approaches give rise to concrete understanding of the religion that is not biased. Effects of bias approach to religion There are adverse effects that are associated with biasness in the approach to religion. One of the most obvious is the aspect of religious superiority whereby, members of one religion despise and discriminate against members of another religion. One of the resulting immediate effect is the violation of other people’s rights. In extreme cases, this may lead to religious wars or religious enmity between two or more religious groups. Ultimately, this may result in turmoil, which is a threat to national integration or and unity, being one of the factors important for political stability (Smith 34, Pals 324). The issue of religious biasness goes beyond religious premises but ends up as national and international problem that has proved hard to solve. Conclusions This brief discussion has shed more light on the subject under discussion. First, it has articulately defined the subject matter and has given the underlying assumptions that are important in the process of making inference about the objectivity of the study. On this basis, one can note that it is actually possible to understand religion without biasness. However, it is important to note that this will only be possible if the individual is committed to this course and is ready to step out of the cocoons of their religion. The idea that one has to embrace in order to achieve this noble goal is the idea of religious tolerance. This tolerance enables one to bear contradictions between religions without prejudgments about the other religion. Furthermore, this implies that even religious people can get engaged in the activity of academic study of religion if there is a commitment from their side.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Eliade, Mircea. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. San Diego: Harcourt, 1987. Print. Freud, Sigmund. The Future of an Illusion. Edited by James Strachey. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1989. Print. James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. New York: Penguin, 1982. Print. Miles, Jack. God: A Biography. New York: Vintage, 1996. Print. Pals, Daniel. Eight Theories of Religion. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print. Smith, Huston. The World’s Religions. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. Print. Stark, Rodney. Discovering God: The Origins of Great Religions and the Evolution of Belief. New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Print. This research paper on Understanding Religions without Biases was written and submitted by user Frederick Cobb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Myths About Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Myths About Embryonic Stem Cell Research Free Online Research Papers Myth: Human life begins in the womb, not the Petri dish Reality: Actually, it usually begins in the fallopian tube, but it can also begin in a Petri dish. The testimony of modern science is clear on this point: At the moment the sperm cell of the human male meets the ovum of the female and the union results in a fertilized ovum (zygote), a new life has begun. Considine, Douglas (ed.). Van Nostrands Scientific Encyclopedia. 5th edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1976, p. 943. See Moore, Keith L. Essentials of Human Embryology. Toronto: B.C. Decker Inc, 1988, p.2; Dox, Ida G. et al. The Harper Collins Illustrated Medical Dictionary. New York: Harper Perennial, 1993, p. 146; Sadler, T.W. Langmans Medical Embryology. 7th edition. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins 1995, p. 3; Carlson, Bruce M. Pattens Foundations of Embryology. 6th edition. New York: McGraw_Hill, 1996, p. 3. The issue is not whether human life is present, but how society ought to treat it. Even President Clintons bioethics advisors said: We believe most would agree that human embryos deserve respect as a form of human life National Bioethics Advisory Commission on stem cell research, September 1999 (emphasis added) Stem cell research refers to research using stem cells that come from embryos or other sources, such as adult tissue, placentas, or umbilical cord blood. The only way to obtain embryonic stem cells, however, is to kill the living human embryo. The embryos killed for their stems cells are about a week old and have grown to about 200 cells. Embryonic stem cells have not helped a single human patient, while adult stem cells and similar ethically acceptable alternatives have helped hundreds of thousands. Myth: Excess embryos are going to be discarded anyway Reality: Not necessarily. Today, parents can preserve excess embryos for future pregnancies as well as donate them to other couples. Under proposed NIH guidelines, parents will be asked to consider having them destroyed for federally-funded research instead. In a recent study, 59% of parents who initially planned to discard their embryos after three years later changed their minds, choosing another pregnancy or donation to infertile couples. New England Journal of Medicine, July 5, 2001. With the NIH guidelines, these embryos might have already been destroyed. Whats more, we now know that the scientists calling for federal funds have themselves moved on to creating human embryos solely to destroy them for stem cells. So much for the discarded anyway argument. But what scientists or parents might do with the embryos is not the issue. The issue is: Should the government use taxpayers money for research which requires destroying human embryos? No Administration of either party has ever done so. We believe such unethical research shouldnt be done at all. But if anyone does so, it must be at their expense and on their conscience not that of the American taxpayers. Embryonic stem cells have not helped a single human patient. By contrast, adult stem cells and other ethically acceptable alternatives have helped hundreds of thousands of patients, and new clinical uses expand almost weekly. A clear majority of Americans supports stem cell research Of course they do but what type of stem cell research do they support? Stem cell research refers to research using various types of stem cells. Stem cells that come from adult tissue, placentas, or umbilical cord blood can be retrieved without harming the donor. The only way to obtain embryonic stem cells, however, is to kill the living human embryo. Typically, poll questions do not make this distinction. When Americans are asked if the government should fund stem cell research which requires destroying human embryos, 70% of Americans say NO. And when choosing between funding stem cell research including embryonic stem cells vs. stem cell research without embryonic stem cells, Americans support the latter approach 67% to 18%. (International Communications Research, June 8, 2001. See usccb.org/comm/archives/2001/01-101.htm.) Throughout American history, no Administration of either party has funded research which relies on destroying live human embryos. Embryonic stem cells have not helped a single human patient or demonstrated any therapeutic benefit. By contrast, adult stem cells and other ethically acceptable alternatives have helped hundreds of thousands of patients, and new clinical uses expand almost weekly. Myth: Embryonic stem cells are the most effective for treating disease Reality: Actually, theyre not. Embryonic stem cells have not helped a single human patient or demonstrated any therapeutic benefit. By contrast, adult stem cells and other ethically acceptable alternatives have already helped hundreds of thousands of patients, and new clinical uses expand almost weekly. Consider: Juvenile diabetes Adult Pancreatic Islet Cells 15 people with serious Type I (juvenile) diabetes became insulin free after adult pancreatic islet cell transplants; 9 still need no insulin injections. American Diabetes Assoc. Report, June 24, 2001 Embryonic Stem Cells No person has benefitted. Spinal cord injury Adult Immune-System Cells A young woman rendered paraplegic by a car accident can move her toes and legs after injection of her own immune-system cells into her severed spinal cord. Toronto Globe and Mail, June 15, 2001 Embryonic Stem Cells No person has benefitted Immune deficiency Adult Bone Marrow Stem Cells 2 children born without immune systems (bubble boy syndrome) have left their sterile environment and lead normal lives after bone marrow stem cell treatment. Science, The Washington Post, April 28, 2000 Embryonic Stem Cells No person has benefitted Corneal repair Adult Corneal Stem Cells Several legally blind people can now see more clearly after their corneas were reconstructed with corneal stem cells. New England Journal of Medicine, July 13, 2000 Embryonic Stem Cells No person has benefitted : Study Spanish in Guatemala, American Bulldog Information, and Eulogies Research Papers on Myths About Embryonic Stem Cell ResearchGenetic EngineeringArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Capital PunishmentMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementTwilight of the UAWResearch Process Part One

Hurricane Names List for 2014

Hurricane Names List for 2014 Below you will find the listing of hurricane names for the Atlantic Ocean for the year 2014. For every year, there is a pre-approved list of tropical storm and hurricane names. These lists have been generated by the National Hurricane Center since 1953. At first, the lists consisted of only female names; however, since 1979, the lists alternate between male and female. Hurricane Naming Conventions Hurricanes are named alphabetically from the list in chronological order. Thus the first tropical storm or hurricane of the year has a name that begins with A and the second is given the name that begins with B. The lists contain hurricane names that begin from A to W, but exclude names that begin with a Q or U. There are six lists that continue to rotate. The lists only change when there is a hurricane that is so devastating, the name is retired and another hurricane name replaces it. The 2014 hurricane name list is the same as the 2008 hurricane name list with the exception of three names that were devastating hurricanes in 2008 and thus retired. Gustav was replaced by Gonzalo, Ike was replaced by Isaias, and Paloma was replaced by Paulette. 2014 Hurricane Names ArthurBerthaCristobalDollyEdouardFayGonzaloHannaIsaiasJosephineKyleLauraMarcoNanaOmarPauletteReneSallyTeddyVickyWilfred

Computer security and risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Computer security and risk management - Essay Example This paper presents a Risk Management methodology for multi-national pharmaceutical company in Midlands pertaining to protection of the Information assets and the corresponding business assets of the organization against the known threats to the organization. Introduction: Risk Management is an intelligent mix of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis procedure essentially requires establishment of a structured and logical assessment framework whereby metrics are assigned to every parameter that is being assessed. The analysis against the metric levels needs to be quantitative based on past experiences (data available), industry experiences (case studies), advice from consultants and internal brainstorming. Every level needs proper justification to a deep level such that serious risks do not remain un-noticed and also meager risks do not get projected to the management as serious simply because they are more talked about in the organization. In this paper a systematic Risk Management procedure is being presented in detail and applied to the case study. The workflow of risk management has been arrived at after a study of National Institute of Standards and Technology), BS ISO/IEC 27001:2005 standard and ISO/IEC 17799:2005 code of best practices. These approaches recommend that the asset values are calculated based on Confidentiality (C), Integrity (I) and Availability (A). Thereafter, the comprehensive list of threats to the business are listed down such that the overall threat value, probability value, vulnerability value and risk value can be calculated for each asset (Olzak, Tom, 2008). Risk Assessment Process: The Risk Management Process proposed in this case study has been presented in the figure below (Figure 1). This methodology requires that all the assets are first collated and their characterization is done in terms

Harvest Moon by Aba Bayefsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Harvest Moon by Aba Bayefsky - Essay Example The essay "Harvest Moon by Aba Bayefsky" discovers the painting of Aba Bayefsky. Through out his career there is a recurring theme of destruction, skeletons and dark symbols. His choice of rich, bold colors cause the subject matter to jump out of the canvas, but at the same time, the subject is locked into it’s environment and the piece moves as a solid and single unit. This essay will explore the painting, Harvest Moon, by first discussing the initial reactions to the piece upon preliminary examination at the gallery. Later, the essay will investigate the formal elements of art, such as line, shape and how they interplay to create a haunting feeling for the viewer by drawing upon the familiarity of the subject matter and turning it into an expressionist piece of work that evokes emotion and a response.When first encountering this piece of work it’s simple and rather typical physical size doesn’t instantaneously capture the audience’s attention, especially in comparison to the surrounding works that are much bigger in scale. What’s captivating about this piece is how the viewer is drawn toward it for curiosity’s sake of wondering what’s inside the house, what’s behind the jack-o-lanterns and what the artist is possibly hiding. The soft lighting in the gallery creates a warm feeling that counteracts the â€Å"scary† images so that a sense of safety is felt amongst the gruesome images in the exhibit. In examining the painting the slick quality of the oil paints are apparent and one would imagine. it would be slippery and smooth to the touch with prickly peaks that terminate each stroke. The carved expressions of the jack-o-lantern's faces appear hollowed out just as if they were real pumpkins but these are a hollowing of paint instead of the true pulp. In general, the nine jack-o-lanterns wear uniform expressions that aren't jolly nor sinister, but more vacant and void if anything. Looking straight on at the painting gives a rather flat view, but by approaching the work from the left or the right it seems as though the jack-o-lanterns' eyes are following movement and beckoning the viewer to stop and reconsider it's mysticism. Line in this painting is very straightforward. The lines of the two houses ran horizontally across the top of the canvas, but once one reaches the lower half of the canvas these lines are interrupted by waves, or peaks that divide the houses from the jack-o-lanterns. These waves suggest a division between the two objects, the houses, and the jack-o-lanterns. For an oil painting, the outline of the objects is quite crisp and thin, almost as if the painter were using a printed coloring book that already had the outline, and the painter was left to fill in the empty spaces with paint. The diagonal lines that make up the house's awning direct the viewer's eye to the jack-o-lanterns in the foreground, forcing the eye to forget the homes and instead meditate on the orange of the pumpkins. The straight lines of the house are juxtaposed against the wavy lines of the clouds in the sky creating a balance or harmony between the two so that the painting is not too rigid, nor too flimsy. Shape is rather flat in this piece. In this two-dimensional piece of work shape is primarily offered to the pumpkins, as they appear plump and hearty. The painting is made up of simple geometric shapes that contain the painting to single solid

Safeguarding the security of Americans Essay Example for Free

Safeguarding the security of Americans Essay The FDA is responsible for safeguarding the security of Americans by ensuring that all types of Pharmaceutical and biological products, cosmetics, medical equipment and the nations food supplies are inspected and meet the standards expected. However, this has been compromised because the organization faces severe under funding. Hence, the nation is experiencing increased cases of health problems like poisoning, illnesses and even deaths resulting from consuming infected food. To prevent more fatal outcomes in future, boosting FDA funding is mandatory for improved performance. There are various estimates with regard to cases relating to deaths resulting from consuming infected food. â€Å"Ames, Iowa-based Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, an organization composed of 36 scientific societies, suggests that anywhere from 6.5 million to 33 million illnesses and up to 9000 deaths each year may be caused by food borne hazards (Schmidt p.2). Further, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that yearly, 76 Million cases of illnesses associated with food contamination and over 300,000 people are hospitalized. In addition, 5000 people and more die from illnesses associated with the same. These figures are particularly threatening and worrying especially due to the fact that the causes are known and these incidences can be avoided altogether. It is even more annoying because America has adequate capacity in terms of financial resources and technical know how to adequately address this problem. On January seventh, two thousand and eight, The Massachusetts Department of Public Health found out that a bacterium called Listeria monocytogenes was traced back to a milk-processing plant. Well, the bacterium is in most cases found in such environments though it is particularly concentrated around domesticated and wild animals. One hundred samples were taken and the results showed that sixteen of those contained the bacterium. The factory claims that it complied with the FDA regulations but an outbreak still occurred. Of course this was not intentional; changes in processing food could cause an outbreak. Changes in food processing in many instances provide suitable conditions for specific bacterium to thrive. Donald Schaffner, an extension specialist with the Department of Food Sciences at Rutgers University in New Jersey says, some emerging strains have resulted from changes in voluminous food production. â€Å"Sometimes, a change in food production optimizes proliferation of a rare strain and makes that strain more common,† he says. â€Å"Other times, these unique strains have always been there, but we get to know them because new tools and techniques tell us they are there† (Schmidt p.3). Other causes of food contamination include poor sanitation. In these cases, food is not well handled by the manufacturers who pay little or no attention to sanitation of the equipment they use during processing. Naturally, most foods have small quantities of bacteria which have no effect to humans. However, these if poorly handled are a risk to human health. Also, if food is not well prepared, it contributes to food borne diseases. Animal products should especially be given attention during preparation. Lastly, inappropriate food storage mechanisms in various ways do contribute to multiplying of the bacteria, causing food poisoning. Recently, America has experienced a number of food borne diseases being contacted by its population. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, such diseases include salmonellosis, listeriosis, and hemolytic uremic syndrom. Presently, the FDA is undergoing great criticism as a result of its inability to keep the public free of contaminated food. Officials from FDA have on certain occasions acknowledged that they can not tell if the product is contaminated before they get complaints from the public and the police. Besides, the FDA in some cases actually knows about food contamination in certain manufacturing plants and farms but fail to act accordingly until death and illness cases are reported. For instance, in the cases of contamination and sanitation problems at a Peanut butter manufacturing company in Georgia and on Spinach farms in California, the FDA acted only after three deaths and hundreds of sicknesses were reported.   This apparently implies incompetence on their part. The FDA staff is estimated to be around seven thousand people. However, this number of workers is expected to inspect close to sixty two thousand factories as well as other imported products from other countries. This is certainly a huge workload. Based on the above statistics, it would take the FDA thirteen years to inspect each factory once, without having to inspect the seemingly increasing products from other countries. This poor performance is because of under funding. The organization only receives a third of the budget allocated to food safety despite the fact that it controls almost 80% of the nations food. It hence finds it tricky to perform tasks expected of it because of these limited funds. Its state of technology also wants making it difficult to compare and analyze any reports about dangerous products and substances. Most of the reports handed in by the FDA field inspectors are usually hand written and hence can not pass through the system in an efficient way. The congress is working round the clock to ensure that the FDA is financially empowered to curb the challenges it faces. It asserts that in order to work effectively in the coming five years, the FDA would need an increase in its funding by fifteen percent. Clearly, there is not enough manpower to effectively oversee the sanitation of food that Americans consume each day. Another concern is about the imported food. Leaders from the Democratic council claim that ninety eight point seven percent of the food from other countries is often not inspected. This is worrying because several countries America imports food from have a history of contamination and disease. Urgent attention need to be given to this concern especially because of the current trend that has seen increasingly many countries manufacture contaminated food, even those whose technology and standards were considered to be satisfactory. An example would be China in the case of contaminated milk. Since the number of food products entering the country is so much that the FDA can not handle each and every product, loopholes are created, giving room to infected products to reach the market and consequently be consumed without knowledge. Americans are susceptible to consuming contaminated food as the cases of contamination increase. While this threat is glaring, â€Å"The FDA, on the other hand, limits its oversight to random port-of-entry inspection of imported foods. But in the same way that the FDA has been unable to keep up domestic production, it is overwhelmed by imported foods as well, and can only inspect a round of two percent of overseas shipments† (Schmidt p.2) Poor performance of the PDA and its failure to protect the health of the Americans is contributing to more and more tainted food products coming in the country. America is the biggest importer of fish, vegetables, fruits and nuts from especially China. If the current trend holds, this nation is at risk of consuming contaminated food from China. Because of the inability of the FDA to perform effectively, this country has turned in to a dumping site for infected foods and drugs. Well, other countries seem to be aware of this and may be that’s the reason why currently, more cases are reported more often. Apparently, veterinary drugs also find their way in to the country illegally. Consequently, the health of our domestic animals including pets is at stake.   Very many incidences have seen pets die because of consuming contaminated feeds from China. This means that indirectly, human health is at risk as we consume products from the animals we keep as well as the animals themselves. In order to address the raised concerns and restore the trust Americans once had in FDA, the government should financially empower the agency. With adequate financial empowerment, it will be able to execute its duties accordingly and boost the health of many Americans who are adversely affected by its incompetence. WORKS CITED Schmidt, Charles W. Safe Food: An All-Consuming Issue. Brogan Partners 107.3 Mar 1993 144-A149. 26 Feb 2009 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3434501?seq=2.

Players Should Bring Hockey Back :: essays research papers

Persuassive Essay: 104 words, including references written APA style Players Should Bring Hockey Back Players Should Bring Hockey Back Having reached another impasse in talks on January 26, in Toronto, between owners and players, there continues to be no NHL hockey season. The lack of an agreement centers on the owners’ desire for a salary cap and the players’ saying they will not budge on that particular point. Albeit this is not the only sticking point, other issues appear to center around this one (Lebrun, NoHockey.CA, 2005, para. 13). The far-reaching affects of the lockout are becoming devastating to businesses that rely on income from games (Lebrun) and fans have reached a fervor of disdain for the whole ordeal (The Australian, 2005, para. 12-14). The players need to make a contract work by agreeing to some form of salary cap, allowing owners to control costs. Players and owners will win, revenues will improve for businesses dependent on games for income, and the fans will win! Making a contract work Players have expressed a complete unwillingness to a salary cap or as the owners have termed it, a â€Å"cost certainty†. While they have purposed roll-backs in salaries and lower rookie salaries, they continue to miss the big picture as it is seen by owners and fans alike. Exactly how much money do you need to make to play a sport you say you love? In 1995 the average salary for an NHL player was $750k, at the need of the 2003-2004 season, that average was $1.8 million dollars (†¦.). The owners are demanding a break and want to maintain profitability. If forced by players to pay outrageous salaries, how can smaller teams compete? They cannot and that is exactly the point. Owners have reported a loss in excess of $1 billion dollars in the last ten years (The Australian). That appears to be reason enough for a salary cap. If the losses were to continue, it seems likely that the sport will end, as team owners fold up shop unable to bear further losses. The economic devastat ion experienced by businesses associated with the sport now, would only become worse. Economic Effects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From food vendors within stadiums to sportswear manufacturers, many businesses that rely on a hockey game or two for income, are becoming deeply impacted. According to a report at NoHockey.CA, from the Denver Associated Press, â€Å"The dispute that has kept NHL players locked out for 133 days as of Wednesday has meant millions of dollars in losses for stores, restaurants and businesses across North America that rely at least in part on a professional hockey team for their livelihood.

Why Smart Phones Should Be Banned in Class

The cons of cell phones in school are numerous. The source of much public debate, the issue of whether to allow children and teens to bring their mobile phones to school has been discussed ad nauseam clear across the country, but even now, there is no clear-cut answer, solution or conclusion. Below we will discuss the many reasons why it might not be a good idea to allow the use of cell phones in the classroom. There are many reasons why cell phones should not be allowed in the classroom. Distractions When a child is in school, his or her purpose there is to learn, whether it be about Columbus sailing the ocean blue or about how electricity works. Young people are more easily distracted than their elders because they tend to have shorter attention spans. If they become bored with the class material, it doesn't take much for them to take out a Motorola Razar to play some cell phone games. How can you expect a teen to absorb all that knowledge if they're not even paying attention. Cheating Obviously, kids won't be able to take out their cell phones and talk to one another in the classroom during an exam, but the concept of â€Å"passing notes† has stepped into the age of technology, thanks to the advent of text messages. These can be sent quite discretely while in the classroom. Taking it one step further, a student can excuse himself to go to the washroom, only to use that time to send text messages and leave voice mails. You also have to bear in mind that cell phones are advancing and improving faster than ever. Certain smart phones can surf the Web (looking for test answers), others have advanced calculators, and depending on the software, it may even be able to run custom applications. The possibilities for cheating and copying are literally limitless, and thus another con of cell phones in school.

Memorable and Striking Essay

How Charles Dickens Creates Characters That Are Both Memorable and Striking  One of Charles Dickens’ greatest strengths is his ability to create characters that are both believable and memorable. Dickens appealed to all classes of society: to intellectuals and simple folk alike. In ‘Great Expectations’, which was published as a weekly serial, examples of his strengths fill the novel, and this is perhaps why ‘Great Expectations’ has remained as popular now as it was when it was first written. It was not until 1823 that Charles and his family moved to London from Portsmouth. Up until this time he had a happy family life and was doing well at school, already he was a great reader. However life in London was very different, the family had no money, Dickens could not go to school and his father was imprisoned for debt. At the age of eleven he had to work in a shoe-blacking factory and this left a long lasting impression. This experience was relatively short-lived, the family situation improved and he was able to return back to school from there to working in a lawyers office, teaching himself shorthand. By the age of twenty he had become an established newspaper reporter and started to write short stories in his spare time as well as directing and acting in amateur dramatics. Even by his mid twenty’s Dickens’ ability to absorb and portray information was remarkable. Partly due to his tremendous literacy knowledge (for example he read Defoe, Fielding when he was very young) and also as a result of his employment (he frequently reported on Parliament for example) he was able to use his detailed knowledge of London life and people in his writing.  In this essay I intend to discuss the characters of Pip, Joe Gargery, Miss Havisham and Abel Magwitch, because I think these four between them demonstrate Dickens’s expertise at blending character, plot and setting within the novel. One of the techniques that Dickens uses is first person narrative. The book is written from the point of view of Pip who narrates using personal pronouns such as ‘me’ and ‘I’. This technique is effective because it shows the viewpoint of a character (namely Pip) who is able to use personal details and clearly describes surroundings.  Pip is the person on whom the whole novel revolves; the novel starts and ends with Pip. The dictionary’s definition of a pip is ‘ a small hard seed of an apple, pear or orange’. This is relevant to Pip in a way because he is a person who should develop or grow from a ‘small bundle of shivers.’ However, his circumstances at the beginning of the novel give us the impression that this will not allow him to develop. During Pip’s early childhood, he is unjustly suppressed and bullied by his sister, and to a lesser degree, by Pumblechook at the Christmas dinner and the rest of the village.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You would have been disposed of for many shillings†¦and Dunstable the butcher would have come up to you as you lay in your straw,†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You come along and be dosed.†Ã‚  Pip is regularly fed tar water for any simple wrongdoing by his sister who also chastises him regularly with the ironically named ‘Tickler’. Although Pip has the friendship of his brother-in law Joe, this is not enough to stop him developing into a timid, undernourished yet sensitive child. Pip next has pressure put upon him when he goes to Satis House and has his first encounter with Estella and Miss Havisham. Pip’s overwhelming love for Estella and his change in attitude and behaviour towards others hide the real values of life. He becomes ungrateful to Joe and from time to time, his conscience tells him he has behaved badly but finds it difficult to change. It is quite easy to criticise Pip for his change of feeling towards his life long friend Joe, but we must understand that he has been deeply affected by the bullying which he had suffered in his early years at the hands of his dominating sister, as well as his need to improve his life-style. Pip is also rather gullible, we can see this in his encounter with the convict – he really believes that the convict namely Magwitch will tear his liver out; this is because of the atmosphere of death in the graveyard. Also the way that Magwitch speaks in his rough and raspy voice.  When Pip meets Estella, he is taken in by her charms. For the first time he becomes aware of the social differences and background between them. This makes him feel dissatisfied with his life, he feels ashamed of his home, of his ‘coarse hands’ and ‘thick boots’ and the first realisation that life could be better enters his mind. Unfortunately Pip becomes rather distant from his peers and when he finds out he is to come into fortune (his ‘Great Expectations’), he is quick to drop his childhood friends and family in case they embarrass him. Although sometimes he feels guilty about this, he still acts this way. Moving to London and meeting Herbert Pocket again inspires Pip to be more like him, a young gentleman.  However, Pip leaves behind one of the only true gentlemen in the novel Joe Gargery is a blacksmith who is married to Pip’s sister.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A giant of a man, with fair hair curly hair and mild blue eyes.†Ã‚  Joe is an honest, kind and simple man who becomes a father figure to Pip. Throughout the novel he is one of, the few characters who does not really change. Joe shows the dignity and strength of a gentleman as he is still loyal to Pip, despite Pip’s neglect of Joe. He is able to accept his wife’s harsh personality without showing his true feelings and he finds it difficult to stand up to her strong will. Although partly educated, he is always willing to learn, and is very proud at Pip’s good fortune, and is happy to stay in the background whilst Pip is in London receiving his training to ‘become a gentleman’. Miss Havisham is a bitter old woman whose heart and mind are as decaying as the house in which she lives. When Pip first meets Miss Havisham ‘†¦the strangest lady I have ever seen†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ she is wearing ancient yellowed bridal clothes and he notices that everything in the room is gloomy, faded and old. All the clocks and her watch have stopped at eight forty am. ‘I saw that the bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢

Womanhouse, CalArts 1970s Feminist Art Collaboration

Womanhouse, CalArts 1970s Feminist Art Collaboration Womanhouse was an art experiment that addressed the experiences of women. Twenty-one art students refurbished an abandoned house in Los Angeles and turned it into a provocative 1972 exhibit. Womanhouse received national media attention and introduced the public to the idea of Feminist Art. The students came from the new Feminist Art Program at the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). They were led by Judy Chicago  and Miriam Schapiro. Paula Harper, an art historian who also taught at CalArts, suggested the idea to create a collaborative art installation in a house. The purpose was more than just to showcase womens art or art about women.   The purpose, according to Linda Nochlins bok on Miriam Schapiro, to  help women  restructure their personalities to be more consistent with their desires to be  artists and to help them build their art making out of their experiences as  women. One inspiration was Judy Chicagos discovery that a womans building had been part of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The building was designed by a woman architect, and many art works, including one by Mary Cassatt, were featured there. The House The abandoned house in the urban Hollywood area was condemned by the city of Los Angeles. The Womanhouse artists were able to postpone the destruction until after their project. The students devoted enormous amounts of their time in late 1971 to refurbishing the house, which had broken windows and no heat. They struggled with repairs, construction, tools, and cleaning out the rooms that would later house their art exhibits. The Art Exhibits Womanhouse was opened to the public in January and February of 1972, gaining a national audience. Each area of the house featured a different work of art.   â€Å"Bridal Staircase,† by Kathy Huberland, showed a mannequin bride on the stairs. Her long bridal train led to the kitchen and became progressively grayer and dingier along its length. One of the most famous and memorable exhibits was Judy Chicago’s â€Å"Menstruation Bathroom.† The display was a white bathroom with a shelf of feminine hygiene products in boxes and a trash can full of used feminine hygiene products, the red blood striking against the white background. Judy Chicago said that however women felt about their own menstruation would be how they felt seeing it depicted in front of them. Performance Art There were also performance art pieces at Womanhouse, initially done for an all-female audience and later opened to male audiences as well. One exploration of men’s and women’s roles featured actors playing â€Å"He† and â€Å"She,† who were visually depicted as male and female genitalia. In â€Å"Birth Trilogy,† performers crawled through a â€Å"birth canal† tunnel made of the legs of other women. The piece was compared to a Wiccan ceremony. The Womanhouse Group Dynamic The Cal-Arts students were guided by Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro to use consciousness-raising and self-examination as processes that preceded making the art. Although it was a collaborative space, there were disagreements about power and leadership within the group. Some of the students, who also had to work at their paying jobs before coming to labor at the abandoned house, thought that Womanhouse required too much of their devotion and left them no time for anything else. Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro themselves disagreed about how closely Womanhouse should be tied to the CalArts program. Judy Chicago said things were good and positive when they were at Womanhouse, but became negative once they were back on the CalArts campus, in the male-dominated art institution. Filmmaker Johanna   Demetrakas made a documentary film called Womanhouse about the feminist art event. The 1974 film includes the performance art pieces as well as reflections by the participants. The Women The two primary movers behind Womanhouse were Judy Chicago and Miriam Shapiro. Judy Chicago, who changed her name to that from Judy Gerowitz in 1970, was one of the major figures in Womanhouse. She was in California to establish a Feminist Art Program at Fresno State College. Her husband, Lloyd Hamrol, was also teaching at Cal Arts. Miriam Shapiro was in California at that time, having originally moved to California when her husband Paul Brach was appointed dean at Cal Arts. He accepted the appointment only if Shapiro would also become a faculty member.   She brought her interest in feminism to the project. A few of the other women involved included: Faith WildingBeth BachenheimerKaren LeCocqRobbin Schiff Edited and updated with content added​ by Jone Johnson Lewis.

Manganese Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements

Manganese Facts - Periodic Table of the Elements Manganese  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 25 Symbol: Mn Atomic Weight: 54.93805 Discovery: Johann Gahn, Scheele, Bergman 1774 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s2 3d5 Word Origin: Latin magnes: magnet, referring to the magnetic properties of pyrolusite; Italian manganese: corrupt form of magnesia Properties: Manganese has a melting point of 1244/-3 °C, boiling point of 1962 °C, specific gravity of 7.21 to 7.44 (depending on allotropic form), and valence of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7. Ordinary manganese is a hard and brittle gray-white metal. It is chemically reactive and slowly decomposes in cold water. Manganese metal is ferromagnetic (only) after special treatment. There are four allotropic forms of manganese. The alpha form is stable at normal temperatures. The gamma form changes to the alpha form at ordinary temperature. In contrast to the alpha form, the gamma form is soft, flexible, and easily cut. Uses: Manganese is an important alloying agent. It is added to improve the strength, toughness, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and hardenability of steels. Together with aluminum and antimony, especially in the presence of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys. Manganese dioxide is used as a depolarizer in dry cells and as a decolorizing agent for glass that has been colored green due to iron impurities. The dioxide is also used in drying black paints and in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine. Manganese colors glass an amethyst color and is the coloring agent in natural amethyst. The permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent and is useful for qualitative analysis and in medicine. Manganese is an important trace element in nutrition, although exposure to the element is toxic in higher quantities. Sources: In 1774, Gahn isolated manganese by reducing its dioxide with carbon. The metal may also be obtained by electrolysis or by reducing the oxide with sodium, magnesium, or aluminum. Manganese-containing minerals are widely distributed. Pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) are among the most common of these minerals. Element Classification: Transition Metal Isotopes: There are known 25 isotopes of manganese ranging from Mn-44 to Mn-67 and Mn-69. The only stable isotope is Mn-55. The next most stable isotope is Mn-53 with a half-life of 3.74 x 106 years. Density (g/cc): 7.21 Manganese Physical Data Melting Point (K): 1517 Boiling Point (K): 2235 Appearance: Hard, brittle, grayish-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 135 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 7.39 Covalent Radius (pm): 117 Ionic Radius: 46 (7e) 80 (2e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.477 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): (13.4) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 221 Debye Temperature (K): 400.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.55 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 716.8 Oxidation States: 7, 6, 4, 3, 2, 0, -1 The most common oxidation states are 0, 2, 6 and 7 Lattice Structure: Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 8.890 CAS registry number: 7439-96-5 Manganese Trivia: Manganese dioxide is used to make clear glass. Normal silica glass is tinted green and the manganese oxides add a purple tint to the glass that cancels out the green. Because of this property, glassmakers called it glassmakers soap.Manganese is found in the enzymes necessary to metabolize fats and carbohydrates.Manganese is found in the bones, liver, kidneys, and pancreas.Manganese is important in the processes that form bones, clots blood, and regulates blood sugar.As important as manganese is to our health, the body does not store manganese.Manganese is the 12th most abundant element in the Earths crust.Manganese has an abundance of 2 x 10-4 mg/L in sea water (parts per million).The permanganate ion (MnO4-) contains the 7 oxidation state of manganese.Manganese was found in a black mineral called magnes from the ancient Greek kingdom of Magnesia. Magnes was actually two different minerals, magnetite and pyrolusite. The pyrolusite mineral (manganese dioxide) was called magnesia. Manganese is used in steel production to fix the sulfur found in iron ores. It also strengthens steel and prevents oxidation. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

Economics Theory Applications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics Theory Applications - Research Paper Example According to Mandal (2007, 97) this problem can only be determined based on price mechanisms that has been known to use forces of supply and demand that characterize different products. This is because price mechanism is used to refer to the mechanism that uses prices of products as a signal to both the buyers as well as sellers in any market as to what the market has in store for them, and what trend to follow. This is what forms the core of microeconomic theory where demand, supply and quality prices have a significant role to play. This paper explores the Malaysian market by focusing on Astro satellite TV monopoly to determine the problems that Malaysian satellite television’s market is facing and attempt to solve the problem using microeconomics theory. Microeconomics theory This theory stipulates that demand is the willingness and the ability for a consumer to buy a particular product within a specified period of time. Therefore, if all other factors are held constant, it follows that as prices of goods increases the demand decreases proportionately (Tsoulfidis, 2009, 30). This means that demand and price are inversely proportional. A lower demand of goods means a reduced amount of quantity purchased by consumers. The amount of goods consumers buy at higher prices decrease because as the prices go up, so is the opportunity cost of buying that good or service. People will therefore tend to buy inexpensive goods or services, and avoid buying that product that will force them to forego certain goods or services that are of more value to the consumer. This theory is applied mainly in a monopolistic market where it is only one supplier of goods and services with many consumers that exist, eliminating the case of competition (Ghai and Gupta, 2002, 2). What is Monopoly? Monopoly is a situation characterized by the existence of a single producer in a market who is in control and not with any close competition whatsoever of supplying a particular product. Th is means that the elasticity of demand tends to reduce to almost zero. A company enjoying monopoly has some benefits such as the ability to be innovative with the development of its product and the domination of the demands of the customers (Kirzner, 1997, 65). This is, in addition to, setting its own price standards, orderliness and predictability. The constraints that happen to be either legal or natural protecting the monopoly of the firm from its competitor often generate the blockade to entry to the monopoly market. To make the best use of the profit, monopolist should generate at an output that the marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue. However, the biggest problem of monopoly market is that monopolist is a price maker rather than those price takers in a competitive market (Dwivedi, 2002, 38). This is because the monopoly firm will only continue enjoying maximum profits so long as entry of other firms into the market is blocked. This may either be naturally or artificiall y. Therefore, the firm will continue to produce, and even function at a loss on condition that the losses the firm makes do not in any way exceed its fixed costs (Ghai and Gupta, 2002, 3). This means that the firm will only close when the losses are in excess of the fixed costs of the company. With this advantage, monopoly will charge at the price which is in excess of the marginal price and marginal income, for whatever

Write about the formalism(Texture,symbol,images), psychoanalistic and Research Paper

Write about the formalism(Texture,symbol,images), psychoanalistic and modern criticism in Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary. Also Talk about the color Blue in the Novel - Research Paper Example In addition, it offers a standard against which to compare the works and writers that have followed it. It is impossible to understand or appreciate modern European and American fiction without an acquaintance with Madame Bovary. This paper seeks to give a detailed account of the various aspects of literature that are at play in the novel. Gustave Flaubert begins her famous novel; Madame Bovary by highlighting the life of Charles Bovary from his early life as a boy who as unable to fir in his new school and as results became the center of ridicule from his classmates. His entire life is marked by dullness and mediocrity that is evident by how he conducts himself before other people. His failure in the medical school leads into him becoming a second-rate doctor in the country. He is married off to a widow by his mother and the marriage does not last for a long time as the widow dies after a short duration. Charles who expected to gain a lot of wealth after the marriage is left with almost nothing and he becomes poorer than before (Rozen, 101). The life of Charles soon takes another turn when he falls in love with Emma who is a daughter to one of his patients and they get married. Emma’s romantic expectations are not met in the marriage. She had spent a better part of her life in the convent and developed an inner belief that marriage was going to be the end of all her troubles. He dream for a sophisticated kind of a lifestyle was borne on the day she attended a very extravagant ball at the home of a noble wealthy man. The village life that she now has to put up with does not match up to her expectations and she gets bored and depressed. She falls ill and after conceiving, they move to another town with the hope that she will get better. In the new town, they meet different people who begin to shape and transform their lives. Emma continues to be despondent after giving birth because she failed to

Managing Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Market - Essay Example It has also become increasingly important that companies evaluate their management structure and culture to ensure that they don't hinder a company's objectives and goals. Studies show that organization performance is highly affected by its management. Philip (1988) stresses this point when he points out that an organization management and marketing strategies defines the overall success of a company in a competitive market.( Philip, 1988) This paper will examine the general overview of the fuller's company, take a critical look on projection of company and also include a market analysing using various tools market research such as SWOT, PESTEL, 5 Forces, and Consumer Behaviour. The paper will then make a recommendation on areas for improvement and make a conclusion based on the findings. Fuller Smith & Turner PLC is a company engaged in brewing and retailing. The company business activities include fuller's Inns which consists company managed pubs, leased and tenanted pubs, and company's managed hotels. Other business consists of fuller's Beer Company that consists brewing and also distribution of spirits, wine and beer. Fuller has been brewing beer wine and spirits for more than 350 years, over the past the company has grown to become much strong in terms of market and production. The company has a high reputation currently in managing good pubs and brewing excellent beers like , London pride and Chiswick bitter have remained outstanding over the years claming many awards. In 2005 fuller company acquired Gales company, which was the biggest achievement of the company. The acquisition meant that the company had a total of 362 pubs under its control and another great beer brand in the name of HSB. The company has continued to invest and develop to ensure its market p osition in the industry. The company posted a pre-tax profit of 137.6 million sterling pounds in the first quarter of the 2007 quarter. The success of the company according to Michael Turner the Chief Executive of the company is based in investing in quality. The company is becoming an impressive operation, which incorporates managed and tenanted hotels, pubs and brewery at in London. The share capital stands at 68.1 million sterling pounds. (Fuller's, 2007) The company logo source; www.fullers.co.uk/ir/home SWOT Analysis Most companies, organizations and institutions today are using SWOT analysis as a strategic method/tool for evaluating their strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats with reference to strategic planning. SWOT analysis identifies the internal and external factors that determine the achievements a company has specified in its goals and objectives. First, it specifies the internal factors i.e. strengths and weaknesses of Fuller's company. Secondly, it categorizes the external factors that have been identified to boost or hinder the achievements of the company especially in terms of growth and expansion. These external factors are the opportunities and threats. (Lee and Carter, 2005) Strengths Strength of Fuller's is the image it has, market leadership, financial resources good customer care. Fuller's is among the biggest company in brewing and retailing business having subsidiaries in other foreign countries. It has more than 360 branches located in different countries around the world. They driving

Effects Of The French Revolution

Effects Of The French Revolution French revolution is a bourgeois revolution that happened on 14th. July 1794. It is the bourgeois revolution of the largest, most complete revolution. The revolution began with the storming of the Bastille was besieged by Pairs. The revolution gone through hardships and passed a tortuous progress. In this revolution, representatives of bourgeois democratic and republican overturned the absolute monarchic together. French revolution is a symbolic time in French history. The revolution happened by many reasons. It came not only because France was backward, but also because of economic and intellectual. Under absolute monarchy, the countrys economic and intellectual was not matched by social and political change. People live in Pair increasingly difficult life. The economic pressure became heavier. Most people had a fat lot rights. What is more, the asset class and the feudal class have the implacable contradiction. So, with a lot causes came together that make a revolution happened. Th e revolution had a profound influence in history and it also had an extraordinary influence on the making of the modern world. In the period of Louis xv regime, since the people responded angrily to under Kings rule. People suffered by various attacked. And this formed of enlightenment. Under enlightenment, the thinking of national rights, constitution monarchy, separation of the three powers had been around. What is more, the development of capitalism has a contradiction with the feudal autocratic rule. Half of the 18th century, capitalist economic had a great development in France. Textile, metallurgy and mining industrys most rapidly. Its level of development ranked first in Europe. Foreign trade had developed quickly. But the feudal autocratic rule has become an obstacle to economic development of capitalism in France. The feudal government continued to raise taxes; checkpoints were set up everywhere around the country; feudal ownership of land still exist. All this made the bourgeoisie very unpleased. They asked for abolition of feudal land ownership, abolition of feudal privileges and against authorita rian rule. Their requirements and ideas, is reflected in the political ideology of bourgeois Enlightenment. The appearance and the spread of enlightenment had prepare for French revolution and the bourgeoisies showing on the political stage, in the aspects of ideologie and public opinion. The sharp classes contradiction is also a propellant that caused the revolution. The French revolution started about 150 years later than the Britain revolution, the French was still in the feudal autocratic reign of the Bourbons when the British had completed bourgeois revolution and had begin the industrial revolution, the class relations was set into opposition sharply. It is as follows: French society was divided into three grades, first grade is priest, and second level is the nobility. They account for less than 1% of the total population in France, but the amount of land they occupied reach 2/3. And they did not bear any tax obligations. Opposed, the majority of third grade has to bear the countrys taxes and other feudal obligations. In particular, workers, urban poor and farmers, living a life in squalor, they demand to change living conditions strongly. Because of sharply antagonistic class relations, the French community as firewood piled everywhere, a revolution would outb reak possibility at anytime. Intensification of the financial crisis is a reason that caused the revolution too. The French authoritarian rulers have been very corrupt. Repeated defeat of foreign wars and rulers extravagant that made Frances budget deficit increased, heavily in debt. The French government fiscal position was on the brink of bankruptcy. All the reasons came together, a long awaited revolution happened. And the French revolution made a far-reaching impact, both of the peoples power and political legacy. Even effected the developed of capitalism. As the French revolution was the greatest bourgeois revolution in 18th century. People have shown great strength in the three uprisings. When get the turning point in the revolution, people were always pushing forward the development of revolution. French revolution also had a deep effect on French political. The French revolution left a compelling and many-sided political legacy. This legacy included, most notably, liberalism, assertive nationalism, radical democratic republicanism, embryonic socialism, and self-conscious conservatism. It also left a rich and turbulent history of electoral competition, legislative assemblies, and even mass politic. Thus the French revolution and conflicting interpretations of its significance presented a whole range of political options and alternative visions of the future. (McKay, J. P., Hill, B. D., and Buckler, J.). Furthermore, the French Revolution was a profound social revolution, which ended a thousand years of feudal rule in France. Trough the revolution, a bourgeois republic has set up in France. As Engels said, It is really fighting for in the end, until the part of noble were eliminated, while the other is the first victory of the capitalist class uprising. In general, the revolution against the French feudal forces and cleared the road of capitalist development in France. What is more, the revolution to the French social ideology, culture and education has far-reaching influence. Even more, the thoroughness of this revolution had set an example to other nation revolution. It has shaken the foundation for the rest of Europe the feudal system. It pushed the development of capitalism in Europe and America. As Lenin said: The revolution of the class that it serves to give the bourgeoisie a lot of things, and the entire 19th century, that is, civilization and culture for all humanity to a century are under the sign of French revolution.. Above all, in the late 18th century, feudal dynasty in the political, economic and social awareness, has emerged all-round crisis, authoritarian rule has become an obstacle to the development of French society. The French revolution was not an accidental event. It is the inevitable outcome of the development of history. The French revolution has promoted the development of capitalism, and pushed people thinking and culture in Europe, even the world.

The Victorian Butler :: Victorian Time Period

The Victorian Butler Colonel Mustard: â€Å"Are you the host?† Wadsworth: â€Å"Me, sir? No, I'm just the humble butler.† Colonel Mustard: â€Å"And what exactly is it you do here?† Wadsworth: â€Å"I buttle, sir.† In Victorian times having a house full of servants at the owner's command was quite common for upper and middle class families. Some job titles included footman, cooks, maids, butlers, coachman, and cooks. Among these servants, the highest ranked and paid was the butler. While we all may have a stereotype of a tall, skinny man that opens the door and says, â€Å"You rang?† the actual list of duties and responsibilities of a butler express he is a man of high demand. The Butler of a home was expected to be present during breakfast, lunch, and dinner. He was to serve the meals and drinks to each member of the family and to wait on them for any requests. He also had the responsibility to oversee the kitchen and make sure it was in order. This included choosing fine wine, managing the wine cellar and the inventory of liquors. The Butler worked closely with the cook and not only assisted with preparing a menu for everyday meals but also for upcoming events and parties the master may present. He was expected to set the table and the decorations for all parties. During these events the butler was always present awaiting any requests from the guests and served them drinks and their meals. The Butler also was responsible for other servants in the home and acted as a manager for the property. The average pay for a Victorian butler was between 40 to 100 pounds per year, which converts to about 2600 to 6500 today. Charles Dickens, Jr. gave this advice in 1879: â€Å"Give good wages, and let it be clearly understood before hiring that no perquisites are allowed. A serious mistake, and one too often made, is to lay down the hard-and-fast rule 'no followers allowed'. Servants always have had and always will have followers, whether their masters and mistresses like it or not† (n.pag.). In Vanity Fair, we read that Miss Horrocks also serves in the house because she is the daughter of the butler. Miss Horrocks acted as a maid in the Crawley's home. Housemaids during the Victorian times were responsible for keeping the home clean and tidy. They did the â€Å"cleaning, scrubbing and dusting† (Roberts 206). The number of housemaids was determined by the size of the home.

Dance Philosophy Essay

Dance is the reason I exist and as cheesy as it sounds its true. In 1982 my father met my mother at a dance club. He said after watching her dancing with her friends he had to talk to her. Dance has the power to cross boundaries and touch one’s soul. As a form dance can be anything. Rain falling into a pound, an individual tying their shoe, a swan boureeing across a stage or man rolling across a stage can all be dance. Dance is a series of movements stitched together with an intent and frame. Weather the intent is to express emotion, showcase technique, or make a statement it is all dance. I started dancing in high school after a teacher of mine recommended I take a class. My first real dance class was ballet. It was a foreign language to me. At first it was a string of movements empty in meaning and emotion. I just danced through the motions until one day my teacher told us that we needed to bring the movement to life. I did not understand this concept at first, how could movement come to life? It wasn’t until I began taking a modern class that I understood this concept. I could use movement to express my own thoughts, fears, joys, and questions. When I try and analyze what dances means to me, ultimately, I see it as a multifaceted entity. Dance is part of my identity and without it I believe I would struggle with understanding who I am. First and foremost dance for me has always been a form of therapy. Growing up I hated conflict and as a result internalized my issues. Through dance I was able to find a reliable outlet to release my frustrations, fears, and inhibitions, which allowed me to explore my personal struggles through movement. Secondly I believe that movement has the power to transcend boundaries and make statements that are often hard to say. Movement is an outlet to foster awareness, dialogue, change and growth while bridging the gap between artistic expression and community dialogue.

Reading Log Brave New World

Who? | Where + When? | What? | Chapter I| Director, students, Henry Foster, Lenina| Central London Hatchery and Conditioning CentreYear A. F. 632| – World State’s motto: ‘Community, Identity Stability’ – The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning (D. H. C. shows some new arrived students the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre–> introduces them to the principles of the mass production of humans- There are groups of ‘alpha’, ‘beta’, ‘gamma’, ‘delta’ and ‘epsilon’ – Work with the ‘Bokanovsky’s Process’–> one of the major instruments of social stability – Mr Foster, an avid employee, tells the students more about the Centre- The embryos are prepared for their later life and work | Chapter II| Director, students, infants, nurses| Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre (Infant-Nurseries – Neo-Pavlovian Conditi oning Rooms)| – The tour continues in the Infant Nurseries-Neo-Pavlovian Conditioning Rooms –Example of conditioning: low-caste babies are offered books and flowers which they want to reach; suddenly there are loud frightening sirens and the babies get a slight electric shock –> they should learn to associate books and flowers with negative experiences–> lower caste humans are not supposed to read because it is a waste of time and flowers are useless- The Director explains hypnopaedia (sleep-teaching) –> children listen to tapes that permanently repeat slogans about behaviour and attitudes during their sleeps| Chapter III| Director, students, Mustapha Mond, Henry Foster, Lenina, Fanny, Bernard Marx| Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre (outside in the garden), the lift, Girl’s Dressing-Room| – In the garden the students observe children playing erotic games -> they are encouraged to play sexual games-The Directo r tells the group about the suppression of erotic games in former times -> it is incredible to the students- Mustapha Mond, one of the ten rulers, appears and gives a lecture on history -> â€Å"history is bunk† a explains why it was necessary to change the society-> Lenina Crowne and her friend Fanny Crowne talk about men and Lenina’s interest in Bernard Marx, who is said to be strange – Bernard Marx overhears Henry Foster talking with a friend about Lenina -> dislikes the way they talk about women as if they were meat| Chapter IV| Lenina, Bernard, Mr Helmholtz Watson| The lift, Propaganda House, Bernard’s apartment| – Lenina and Bernard meet in a rowded lift and Lenina asks him about their plan to go to the Savage Reservation in New Mexico; Bernard feels embarrassed about that – Bernard is uncertain about Lenina because on the one hand she wants to go on holiday with him and on the other hand she spends much time with Henry Fos ter- Bernard feels to be an outsider –Bernard and his friend Mr Helmholtz Watson meet–> both are an ‘alpha-plus’ and both feel like individuals and for this reason like outsiders | Chapter V| Lenina, Henry, Bernard, other participants,| Helicopter, a club, Henry’s apartment, Fordson Community Singery| Part 1:- Lenina and Henry fly with the helicopter over the Slough Crematorium where corpses are burnt to recover phosphorus which is used as a fertilizer –> even dead people are useful for the society- They talk about how it is like to be an ‘Epsilon’ and come to the conclusion that everyone is happy- In the evening they dine and go to a club together; after that they have sex in Henry’s apartment- ‘Soma’ is served with the coffee after meal–> indispensable for the people in the state, otherwise they can’t feel happyPart 2:- Bernard takes part in a Solidarity Service with eleven other peopl e–> they take ‘soma’, sing hymns and wait for the coming of the ‘Greater Being’-While everyone there enjoys it as a feeling of unity, Bernard feels very isolated| Chapter VI| Bernard, Lenina, Fanny, Director, Helmholtz, a warden| Helicopter, Bernard’s apartment, Director’s room, Savage Reservation| Part 1:- Bernard go to the Woman’s Heavyweight Wrestling Championships in Amsterdam together – They have different ideas of happiness–> Lenina wants to do sports and have fun with ‘soma’, he prefers being alone with her, avoids crowds and refuses ‘soma’ – Bernard wants to be happy in his own individual way and not â€Å"enslaved by his conditioning† – When Bernard realizes that Lenina does not understand him, he takes ‘soma’ and sleeps with herPart 2:- Bernard goes to the D. H. C. to get his permission to enter the Savage Reservation –

Genealogy and Jewish Last Name Origins

Genealogy and Jewish Last Name Origins Many of the names that people think sound Jewish are, in fact, simple German, Russian, or Polish surnames. You generally cant identify Jewish ancestry by a surname alone. Actually, there are really only three surnames (and their variations) that are generally specifically Jewish: Cohen, Levy, and Israel. Yet, even variations of these common Jewish-specific surnames may not be Jewish in origin. The surnames Cohan and even Cohen, for example, could instead be an Irish surname, derived from OCadham (descendant of Cadhan). Clues to Surnames That May Be Jewish While few names are specifically Jewish, there are certain surnames that are more commonly found among Jews: Names ending in -berg (Weinberg, Goldberg)Names ending in -stein (Einstein, Hofstein)Names ending in -witz (Rabinowitz, Horowitz)Names ending in -baum (Metzenbaum, Himmelbaum)Names ending in -thal (Blumenthal, Eichenthal)Names ending in -ler (Adler, Winkler)Names ending in -feld (Seinfeld, Berkenfeld)Names ending in -blum (Weissblum, Rosenblum)Names  having to do with  wealth (Goldberg, Silverstein)Names derived from Hebrew words (Mizrachi, from mizrakhi, meaning eastern, or easterner) Some Jewish surnames may originate from professions that are exclusive to Jews. The surname Shamash, and its variations such as Klausner, Templer, and Shuldiner, means shamash, a synagogue sexton. Chazanian, Chazanski, and Chasanov all derive from chazan, a cantor. Another common origin for  Jewish surnames are house names, referring to a distinctive sign attached to a house in the days before street numbers and addresses (a practice primarily in Germany, by both Gentiles and Jews). The most famous of these Jewish house names is Rothschild,  or red shield, for a house distinguished by a red sign. Many Common Jewish Last Names Sound German Many Jewish-sounding surnames are actually German in origin. This may be due to a  1787 Austro-Hungarian law  that required Jews to register a permanent family surname, a name they also required to be German. The decree also required that all surnames that had previously been used in Jewish families, such as those originating from a place where the family lived, should be totally abandoned.  The chosen names were subject to the approval of Austrian officials, and if a name was not chosen, one was assigned.   In 1808, Napoleon issued a similar decree that compelled Jews outside of Germany and Prussia to adopt a surname within three months of the decree, or within three months of moving into the French Empire. Similar laws requiring Jewish people to adopt permanent surnames were passed at various times by different countries, some well into the latter half of the 19th century. A Surname Alone Cant Identify Jewish Ancestry While many of the above surnames have a greater likelihood of belonging to a Jewish family, you cant assume that any of the last names are actually Jewish, no matter how Jewish they may sound to you, or how many Jewish families you know with that name. The third most common Jewish surname in America (after Cohen and Levy) is Miller, which is also obviously a very common surname for Gentiles as well. Resources and Further Reading Rieder, Estee. â€Å"Whats in a Name?† Mishpacha Magazine, Jewish World Review, 2007.

Free Essays on Second Language Acquisition

and sentences. Others are more globally oriented, needing to experience overall patterns of language in meaningful contexts before making sense of the linguistic parts and forms. Some learners are more visually oriented, others more geared to sounds. Motivation According to Deci and Ryan (1985), intrinsic motivation is related to basic human needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Intrinsically motivated activities are those that the learner engages in for their own sake because of their value, interest, and challenge. Such activities present the best possible opportunities for learning. Classroom interaction Language learning does not occur as a result of the transmission of facts about language or from a succession of rote memorization drills. It is the result of opportunities for meaningful interaction with others in the target language. Therefore, lecturing and recitation are not the most appropriate modes of language use in the second language classroom. Teachers need to move toward more richly interactive language use, such as that found in instructional conversations (Tharp & Gallimore, 1988) and collaborative classroom work (Adger, Kalyanpur, Peterson, & Bridger, 1995). Conclusion While this digest has focused on the second language acquisition process from the perspective of the language, the learner, and the learning process, it is important to point out that the larger social and cultural contexts of second language development have a tremend... Free Essays on Second Language Acquisition Free Essays on Second Language Acquisition The Learning Process When we think of second language development as a learning process, we need to remember that different students have different learning styles, that intrinsic motivation aids learning, and that the quality of classroom interaction matters a great deal. Learning styles Research has shown that individuals vary greatly in the ways they learn a second language (Skehan, 1989). Some learners are more analytically oriented and thrive on picking apart words and sentences. Others are more globally oriented, needing to experience overall patterns of language in meaningful contexts before making sense of the linguistic parts and forms. Some learners are more visually oriented, others more geared to sounds. Motivation According to Deci and Ryan (1985), intrinsic motivation is related to basic human needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Intrinsically motivated activities are those that the learner engages in for their own sake because of their value, interest, and challenge. Such activities present the best possible opportunities for learning. Classroom interaction Language learning does not occur as a result of the transmission of facts about language or from a succession of rote memorization drills. It is the result of opportunities for meaningful interaction with others in the target language. Therefore, lecturing and recitation are not the most appropriate modes of language use in the second language classroom. Teachers need to move toward more richly interactive language use, such as that found in instructional conversations (Tharp & Gallimore, 1988) and collaborative classroom work (Adger, Kalyanpur, Peterson, & Bridger, 1995). Conclusion While this digest has focused on the second language acquisition process from the perspective of the language, the learner, and the learning process, it is important to point out that the larger social and cultural contexts of second language development have a tremend...