Environmental Effects of Fast-Food free essay sample

The primary goal What Is Organic Agriculture? of organic agriculture is to optimize the health A and productivity of interdependent According to the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), organic agriculture is â€Å"an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on communities of management practices that restore, maintain, or enhance ecological harmony. The soil life, plants, rimary goal of organic agriculture is to optimize the health and productivity of animals, and people. interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals, and people. † (NOSB, 2003) Though the term â€Å"organic† is defined by law (see â€Å"Legal† section on pages 3 and 4), the terms â€Å"natural† and â€Å"eco-friendly† are not. Labels that contain those terms may imply some organic methods were used in the production of the foodstuff but do not guarantee complete adherence to organic practices as defined by a law. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Effects of Fast-Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some products marketed as â€Å"natural† may have been produced with synthetic or manufactured products (those not onsidered to be â€Å"organic†), such as â€Å"natural beef. Farming without tion statistics in the United States the use of petroleum-based chemicals (USDA-ERS, 2002). This census, conductare young people (fertilizers and pesticides) was the sole ed in 2002, identified U. S. farmers who and college-educated option for farmers until after World War reported 2. 5 million acres of land II. The war brought with it technologies dedicated to organic production. This consumers. that were useful to agricultural producfigure probably under-represents current tion. For example, ammonium nitrate production because many organic farmused for munitions during World War II ers produce their products organically, volved into ammonium nitrate fer tilizer; but sell less than $15,000 per year and are exempt organophosphate nerve gas production led to the from inspection (see â€Å"Organic Certification†), or do development of powerful insecticides. These technot label their product as organic and, in general, nical advances since World War II have resulted in are direct marketing to a local customer. In 1999, significant economic benefits as well as environIowa farmers reported 150,000 acres of organic mental and social detriments. Organic agriculture cropland to the Iowa Department of Agriculture and seeks to use those advances that consistently yield Land Stewardship (IDALS) survey. This increase in benefits, such as new varieties of crops, precision organic acreage in Iowa represents a doubling from agriculture technologies, and more efficient the previous year and a sixfold increase since 1996. machinery, while discarding those methods that The U. S. organic industry continues to grow at have led to negative impacts on society and the a rate of 20 percent annually. Industry estimates environment, such as pesticide pollution and insect placed it at $10 billion in 2001. The organic industry pest resistance. Organic farming is considered a s a consumer-driven market. According to industry systems approach, where interactions between surveys, the largest purchasers of organic products components (crops, animals, insects, soil) are as are young people and college-educated consumers. important as the whole farm itself. Today we are faced with the unique opportunity to Instead of using synthetic fertilizers, organic take advantage of a growing market demand and farmers use crop rotations, cover crops, and comuse the technologies developed over the past 50 post to maintain or enhance soil fertility. Also, years. More and more farmers are interested in nstead of using synthetic pesticides, organic the profitability and environmental benefits that farmers employ biological, cultural, and physical organic systems yield. methods to limit pest expansion and increase populations of beneficial insects. Geneticallymodified organisms (GMOs), such as herbicideresistant seeds and plants, as well as product ingredients, such as GM-lecithin, are disallowed in organic agriculture because they constitute synthetic inputs and pose unknown risks (see GMO discussion opposite).

Do You Need to Revise Your College Essay Outline?

Do You Need to Revise Your College Essay Outline?Some college students, before their acceptance for admission into a specific college, are also required to put up a sample of college essay outline as a formality. The course instructor may have some strong opinions on the essay topic, but sometimes it is still the student's responsibility to decide which opinion he or she can live with. In such situations, the students find it hard to know how to proceed.When the college acceptance date gets close, some students start worrying and begin to question whether they have to write an essay all over again. At this point, they find it hard to determine how the syllabus should be followed. In such cases, some students try to learn from the mistakes of other students who are already in the admissions process. However, if you have already prepared the sample of college essay outline, there is no need to worry too much.So, if you are one of those who wonder whether you should rewrite your college essay outline, the best thing to do is to take some time to analyze it before it is finally completed. Then, you will realize that, in reality, writing the outline is not something that you need to do.A sample of college essay outline can be a very useful tool in making sure that your composition does not fall short of the requirements. That is why so many students will think about revising their study material in advance. Some college freshmen will even seek help from an English teacher, so that they can write a good-quality essay.In the past, this was not a very feasible option, since there were no services that offered to create your own outline. However, since a lot of students tend to use the same book when they are writing their essay, students will have to revise their drafts to match the requirements. If the college instructors read the last draft and gives it a thumbs up, then the chances are high that you will have to rewrite it if you follow the syllabus.Therefore, if yo u don't like the way the previous draft turned out, you will find it easier to revise it, since it will be your own draft that you have used during your college years. At this point, you should also get yourself familiar with the exact requirements as far as essay outlines are concerned.In conclusion, students who are trying to decide whether to revise their college essay outline should never be afraid to do so. There are various forms of revision, ranging from just changing the order of words in the essay to completely revising the entire composition. Remember that you should not worry about revising a single word or paragraph unless you are certain that it needs to be changed.

Great War Essays - Bulgaria In World War I, Central Powers

Great War The Great War BY Kevin Kilkenny World War I was from 1914 to 1918 it started out as a local European war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia on July 28, 1914, but then became European war when the declaration of war against Russia on August 1, 1914 and eventually became a global war involving 32 nations. 28 of these nations were Allies and the Associated Powers and including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States. The Central Powers consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. It would prove to have many great effects. The immediate cause of the war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was the assassination on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo in Bosnia part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire of Archduke Francis Ferdinand heir to the Austrian and Hungarian thrones his wife and unborn child on their way to visit a hospital. Their assassin was Gavrilo Princip a Serb nationalist. After this vile act a proposed ultimatum was given to Serbia with a two day from Austria-Hungary. The Germans with a bold act said they would back Austria-Hungary no matter the terms not taking in account Russias reaction. When war seemed imminent Germany decided to take over Belgium and propose that they would pay for any damages. The start of the conflict however was not immediate. Influence of the previous century in the political and economic policies that prevailed on the Continent after 1871 the year that marked the emergence of Germany as a great world power. The underlying causes of World War I were the spirit of intense nationalism that ran rampant in Europe throughout the 1800s and into the 20th century. The political and economic rivalry among the nations and the establishment of two hostile military alliances. They formed when Belgium won its independence from the Netherlands in 1830 the unification of Italy was accomplished in 1861 and that of Germany in 1871. At the close of the century however the problem of nationalism was still unresolved in other parts of Europe. The spirit of nationalism was also in economic conflict. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century followed in France in the early 19th century and then in Germany after 1870s caused a increase in the m anufacturing of each country. As a result of tensions, between the nations of Europe adopted foreign policies that helped steadily increased the danger of war. Convinced that their interests were threatened the powers maintained large standing armies which was constantly restocked and enlarged by peacetime. At the same time navies were also being built up. The naval expansion was intensely competitive. Great Britain influenced by the expansion of the German navy begun in 1900 and by the events of the Russo-Japanese War developed its fleet to be twice as large as any other. The war between Russia and Japan had proved the effect of long range naval guns and the British accordingly developed the widely copied dreadnought battleship notable for its heavy armor. Developments in other areas of military technology and organization led to the dominance of general staffs with precisely formulated plans for mobilization and attack. The European nations not only armed themselves for purposes o f self-defense but in order not to find themselves standing alone if war did break out so alliances with other powers came about. The result was that in itself greatly increased the chances for war. The grouping of the great European powers into two hostile military alliances the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple Entente of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Shifts within these alliances added to the building sense of crisis. The next step was war and the Austrian Serbian tension was the push in the domino effect. Austria marched on Serbia. Then Russia would mobilize against Austria. A proposal on July 26 by the British foreign minister called for a conference between Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy should settle the Austro-Serbian dispute was rejected by Germany. On July 28 Austria declared war against Serbia either because it felt Russia would not actually fight for Serbia or because it was prepared to risk a general European conflict in order to put an end to the Greater Serbia movement.

Outlining for Writers Who Hate to Outline - Freewrite Store

Outlining for Writers Who Hate to Outline - Freewrite Store Cate Dean has been writing for far longer than she cares to admit. She has published over 40 books and novellas, and is best known for her paranormal series, The Claire Wiche Chronicles, as well as her cozy mystery series, The Maggie Mulgrew Mysteries. Outlining. It’s just a word – but, oh, can it leave you shaking in your chair, staring at a blank screen, sweat trickling down your back. I’ve been where you are – multiple times. Every time I read an article about outlining, I squelched the desperate cries of my pantser, and tried the latest technique. The result was always the same: wasted hours, and miserable failure. That failure would send me straight back to my pantsing ways, and my long, messy drafts. It was more work, but I was so much happier without the ball and chain of an outline. If you’ve spent any time on writer’s forums, or in any writing group, you know that the pantser vs. outliner battle has been long and fierce. Each side claims that their way is the best way, the only way. But – what if there was a third option? A way to outline that didn’t kill your creative spark, and actually improved your word count? Ah ha! Now I’ve got your attention. But I’m a Pantser! Outlining will ruin my creative process! I hear you. I had the same rally cry, the same reaction every time another â€Å"perfect† outline process was making the rounds. I was a pantser, for years. Like I said above, outlining never worked for me. After taking all that time, and writing out every detail of my world, my plot, and my characters, I was so sick of the story that I no longer wanted to write it. Sound familiar? If every attempt you’ve made to outline has been a time-sucking, creativity-sucking disaster, you’re nodding your head right now. You’re probably also ready to click to the next post, before I mention that evil word again. Give me another minute, before you run away. I’m here to tell you, as a former pantser, that there is a way to outline that won’t ruin your creative process. Quite the opposite, in fact. Let me tell you how I became an outline convert – for good. Why I started outlining - and why you should as well It was 2012, and I’d just self-published my first novella. I was nervous, excited, and ready to take the next step – writing the first book of a potential series. My biggest obstacle was working a 12-hour day, with only weekends and holidays to do any serious writing. As a pantser, I knew it would take me forever to get the first draft written, and even longer to clean it up enough to send to an editor. To add even more pressure, I gave an actual deadline to my new author friend, and now I had to meet that deadline. I had been reading about story structure, and discovered that even though I made stories up as I went along, I instinctively understood the flow of a story, and what needed to go where. I’ve been writing for a long time (since I was seven), and making up full-blown, multi-plot stories in my head for almost as long. I’ve literally had years of practice creating stories. So, I took that knowledge, and story structure, and started writing stuff down. My first effort was a long process. It included index cards, loads of notes, and a template that took days to fill out. The result was an outline that let me write my first book in three weeks. Yes, you read that right. It may have taken longer than I wanted to work out the logistics of the outline, but having all the pieces in place let me fly through the story. It was the first book of what is still my bestselling series, The Claire Wiche Chronicles. To say I was excited would be an understatement. I was flying – and I had a few people read that book, just to make sure I wasn’t imagining that I actually had a good story. As a side note, they were all reading a first draft. I literally typed the last paragraphs and sent it off, more scared than I’ve ever been in my life. If it had been a pre-outline first draft, I never would have let anyone see it – not until it had been through multiple editing passes. An outline from a former pantser Since that first experience, I’ve been honing and refining my outline, to make it fast, easy, and a pleasure to do. Never thought you’d see outline and pleasure in the same sentence, did you? What I use now is a quick, one page, bullet point outline, based on story structure. It takes me a couple of hours to fill out. Ready to give it a try? I call it my outline for outline-phobes – like me. This is what it looks like: inciting incident – (this is when something changes, aka when the story really starts) plot point 1 – (this is where you establish the story question – where the MC’s life changes forever) pinch point 1 – (the opposition pokes back) plot point 2 – (new information allows the MC to start acting instead of reacting – i.e. running around like a wild chicken) pinch point 2 – (the opposition strikes back – hard and ugly) plot point 3 – (this is the big push for the third act – normally, there’s no new info after this point, but this isn’t set in stone) black moment– (worst thing ever – stick your character in a tree, then light it on fire) resolution – (get them out of the tree – without a deus ex machina move) Not so scary, is it? To make the process even easier, create a template that you can use over and over. Then you just copy/paste it to the top of your document, every time you start a new story or book. Easy to reference, and you can delete or cross out a scene once you finish it. An extra tip: use each bullet point to create a chapter. I’ve been doing this with my last few books, and it really helps with both flow and not writing deadly long chapters. Don’t be hard on yourself when you first tackle this outline. Remember, I’ve been writing for years, and I usually have the whole story already in my head by the time I get to the actual outline. Take as long as you need, and understand that this will be a fluid document. You will be adding, changing, or moving things around as you get into the actual writing. That’s where the real fun begins. Watching your story come to life, discovering fun surprises along the way, and having a tight, exciting story will hook you. Before you know it, you won’t start a new story – you’ll start the outline for a new story. And there you have it – an outline that can actually be enjoyable. The power of this outline is that it leaves you plenty of room for creativity, maybe step off the story path. You’ll always have a map to find your way back. It will also streamline your writing, and as a bonus, it will probably add to your daily word count. Knowing where you’re headed in a story makes your imagination fly. Your fingers might just have a hard time keeping up. Outlining can be so overwhelming, especially for those of you who shudder at the memory of the convoluted, multi-level outlines you were forced to create in high school. My simple outline takes away all the fear, and puts back in all the fun. Do you have your own method of outlining that works for you? I’d love to hear about it! Please share with us in the comments. Now, go forth and outline your next opus with confidence. cheers, ~Cate       Cate Dean an author, a travel addict, and a rabid Anglophile.  She grew up losing herself in the wilds of fantasy worlds, and has had some of her own adventures while tromping through the UK, and a few other parts of the world.  A lover of all things supernatural, she infuses that love into her stories, giving them a unique edge.  When she's not writing, she loves cooking, scaring herself silly in the local cemeteries, and reading pretty much anything she can get her hands on.

Introduction to early childhood Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to early childhood - Assignment Example Economic and political system of the country currently influences early child education (Li & Chen 1). The government encourages parents to enroll their children to early childhood education because it strengthens their educational foundation. Studies confirm that this education increases the readiness of children to learn in higher education levels. Children with early childhood education backgrounds usually perform well in primary school. ECE not only improves students’ performance in schools, but is also influences their social and economic status in adulthood. In an effective early childhood education systems, teachers and parents have to ensure that they create a good relationship with children. Parents are also encouraged to cooperate with teachers in supporting their children’s early education. They should create a good relationship with children in order to enhance their intelligence and social competence. They should also ensure that their children attend preschool at the right age. The country’s Ministry of Education recommended that children should att end preschool at the age of 3 to 6 years. In China early childhood education, children are usually divided according to their ages. The government recommends three groups that include junior that consists of children of age 3, middle that has 4-year-old children and seniors who are 5 years old. Effective early childhood programs should consist of appropriate learning environments and effective curriculum. It should also have well trained caregivers who can effectively meet the needs of each child (Vaughan 1). In the past early childhood education in china was poor because parents paid little attention to it. This is because most of them were not aware of the importance of ECE. In addition, most of them were homemakers. As such, they did not see the need to take their young children to school since early childhood schools were viewed at care centers. However, currently with increased

'Dirty Pretty Things mixes realism and symbolism in a highly effective Essay

'Dirty Pretty Things mixes realism and symbolism in a highly effective way.' Discuss - Essay Example The film explores Londons illness, and takes viewers through several disturbing experiences, but does so without becoming unnecessarily vicious (Sneider, 2003). In this essay the effective use of symbolism and realism in the movie will be examined. Dirty Pretty Things portrayal of life for immigrants in London is revealing in its depiction of inhumanity that happens in big cities in the real world. Yet it conveys this message using symbols and metaphors, without forcing the message on the viewers, but rather allowing events to speak loudly of the harsh reality. It raises significant social problems while presenting a wide range of interdisciplinary allusions along the way. Thus, the explanation for the film’s title is understood in a conversation between two characters. â€Å"The hotel business is about strangers," Sneaky said to Okwe, â€Å"They go to the hotel at night to do dirty things, and in the morning we make it all look pretty again.† (Manitowoc Public Library, 2008) Symbolism can be defined as the utilization of non-direct articulation or a situation where the audience realizes that what the author is expressing and describing is possesses a â€Å"concealed or deeper meaning† (Todeschi, 1995). In The Encyclopedia of Symbolism (1995), Todeschi stresses that symbolism is utilized as an enhancement tool to emphasize the plot of a story. In books and movies, symbolism plays a bigger function in expressing the writer or director’s real meaning and emotions. Many of the characters and objects in the Dirty Pretty Things are symbolic. When symbols or metaphors are present, people often assume complex literary plots or themes. However, in the movie, symbols are evident because of the obvious messages they communicate to the audience. For instance, when the character Okwe is called to clean a toilet in the hotel, he discovers a human heart in it. This is an appalling symbol and

Impact of Pop Art and Design on British Culture of the 1960s

Impact of Pop Art and Design on British Culture of the 1960s Pop Art is a 20th century art movement and style that had its origins in England in the 1950s and spread across the globe (most notably the US) in the 60s. Pop artists often utilised the techniques and imagery of pop culture, incorporating everyday objects such as comic strips, billboards, supermarket products, pictures of celebrities and magazine advertisements into their work. The most well-known and influential artists were Richard Hamilton and David Hockney (British) and Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg (American). This paper will examine the impact of Pop Art on British culture of the 1960s, with a special emphasis on the movements leading figure, David Hockney. While Pop Art in its earliest incarnation in late 50s Britain had a nostalgic flavour, as it spread, it was consistently linked more to the wealth and prosperity of the post World War II era (Biddington, 2007). The term was first coined by the English critic Lawrence Alloway in a 1958 issue of Architectural Digest to describe the paintings that celebrated post-war consumerism, defied the attributes of Abstract Expressionism, and worshiped at the alter of materialism (Pioch, 2002). Practitioners of Pop Art replaced the epic with the everyday and the unique with the mass-produced, eroding the fixed divide between high and low art, good and bad taste and fine art and commercial art (ibid). Advertising and the media were some of Pop Arts favourite subjects, and the artists seemed to simultaneously celebrate and critique consumer society: Oftentimes the work itself suggested the depersonalized processes of mass production in areas of popular taste and kitsch previously considered outside the limits of fine art. It rejected the attributes associated with art as an expression of personality. Works were close enough to reality and at the same time it was clear that they were not ready-mades but artificial re-creations of real things (Damjanovic, 2006). Considered by many to be the first Pop Art piece is Richard Hamiltons Just What Is It that Makes Todays Home so Different, so Appealing?, which incorporated numerous references to popular culture and materialism (Biddington, 2007). Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg followed his lead and used popular imagery such as the American flag and beer cans in their paintings, collages and prints, while Andy Warhol favoured the use of famous people and everyday objects in his silkscreens (ibid). Alternatively, Roy Lichtenstein utilised a comic strip style in his paintings. However, perhaps the most important artist of them all (and certainly the most famous and highly publicised British artist of his generation) was David Hockney. By age eleven he had already decided that he wanted to be an artist, and years later he attended the royal College of Art in London, where, in his own words, he realised that there were two groups of students there: a traditional group, who carried on as they had done in art school, doing still life, life painting and figure compositions; and then what I thought of as the more adventurous, lively students, the brightest ones, who were involved in the art of their time. They were doing big Abstract Expressionist paintings on hardboard (Lucie-Smith, 1999). Hockney, in turn, tried his hand at abstraction, but found it too bleak. In search of his own style, he rejected figure-painting as anti-modern and experimented by including words in his paintings in order to humanise them; these, however, were soon joined by figures painted in a deliberately rough and rudimentary style which owed a great deal to Jean Dubuffet (ibid). After a prize-winning career at the Royal College of Art, Hockney achieved international success by the time he reached his mid-20s with a show at the Young Contemporaries Exhibition in January, 1961 (Pioch, 2002). This show marked the public emergence of Pop Art in the UK, with Hockney as one of the movements leaders. His paintings of this period were often playful and witty (very much in the vein of Pop Art), although he was also adept at more serious and traditionally representational portraiture, such as Mr. and Mrs. Clark and Percy (Tate, London, 1970) (ibid). Hockney was also a skilled draftsman and graphic artist, and his work in this field including etched illustrations to Cavafys Poems (1967) and Six Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm (1969). Hockneys success was so rapid that after leaving school he did not have to rely on teaching to make a living, like the majority of his contemporaries (Lucie-Smith, 1999). In the early sixties he travelled to Egypt, Italy, Germany and the United States. He fell in love with Los Angeles, where, in his own words: Within a week of arriving there in this strange big city, not knowing a soul, Id passed the driving test, bought a car, driven to Las Vegas and won some money, got myself a studio, started painting, all within a week. And I thought, its just how I imagined it would be (ibid). Upon his return to England he began to make a series of prints which were an updated version of Hogarths Rakes Progress, and which reflected his American experiences (Gurewitsch, 2006). He also began using acrylics rather than oil paint, which led to five one-man shows in 1966 throughout Europe, and later his first major retrospective exhibition, at the Whitechapel Art Gallery in London (Lucie-Smith, 1999). By this time, Pop Art, with Hockney as its patron and star, was widely popular in Britain, and   coincided with the youth and pop music phenomenon of the 1950s and 60s, and became very much a part of the image of fashionable, swinging London. Peter Blake, for example, designed album covers for Elvis Presley and the Beatles and placed film stars such as Brigitte Bardot in his pictures in the same way that Warhol was immortalizing Marilyn Monroe in the USA (West, 1996). It could be argued that while Hockneys work was the impetus for the growing acceptance and influence of the movement, in many ways he himself was the reason for its success. For Hockney wasnt simply a talented artist; he was a personality. With his bleached hair, his outward homosexuality (the subtext of which was also found in his work), his vocal admiration of Whitman and Cavafy, his eccentricity and gregariousness made him instantly likeable (Lucie-Smith, 1999). There was an even a film about him, his life and his work (Jack Hazans A Bigger Splash) that was widely popular. People saw in Hockney the embodiment of the freedom and newness of the 60s, the tearing down and humanising of the sacred and the revered, along with a newfound openness to sexuality, and it is difficult to say where the work stopped and the person began; that is, was Pop Art the influencer, or was it Hockney himself? Were the widespread effects attributed to the movement (low art rising to the status of high and vice-versa; the pasts powerful icons suddenly relegated to mere products and everyday objects achieving the level of works of art; pop culture supplanting tired, traditional culture; the old art world establishment being turned on its head; etc.) because of his paintings or his personality? Furthermore, was Hockney himself the catalyst for this, or was he merely following the zeitgeist? While it is difficult to say, two things are certain: Hockney was an important figure during this time, and 60s Britain was forever changed. Hockney eventually turned away from Pop Art painting, and branched out into other forms, including photography, set design, costumes, lithographs and even work made using colour photocopiers. As for Pop Art, while it still survived in Britain, thanks to artists such as Hamilton, R.B. Kitaj, Allen Jones, Eduardo Paolozzi and Peter Blake, for the most part it became more associated with its American counterparts, ending up the territory of Warhol and the like. But the movements effects on the artwork and cultural climate lingered for a long time, virtually transforming television, advertising and packaging, not to mention photography (David Bailey, John Cowan, Robert Whitaker) and architecture (Cedric Price, Alison and Peter Smithson). Bibliography Biddington, J. Pop Art: What is it? Pedigree and Provenance, 2007. http://www.biddingtons.com/content/pedigreepop.html Damjanovic, Sasa. Pop Art. HuntFor.com, 2006. http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/C20th/popart.htm Dormer, Peter. Design Since 1945. London: Thames Hudson, 1984. Green, Jonathon. All Dressed Up: The Sixties and the Counterculture. London: Pimlico, 1999. Gurewitsch, Matthew. David Hockney and Friends. The Smithsonian, 2006. Lucie-Smith, E. Lives of the Great 20th-Century Artists. London: Thames Hudson, 1999. Pioch, Nicolas. Pop Art. WebMuseum, Paris, 2002. http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/tl/20th/pop-art.html West, Shearer (ed.). The Bulfinch Guide to Art History: A Comprehensive Survey and Dictionary of Western Art and Architecture. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1996.